No.01 Undertakings

1. Introduction

1.1 Who should read this Guidance Statement?

This Guidance Statement is for solicitors and law practices.

1.2 What is the issue?

The honouring of undertakings is a necessary incident of the solicitor’s paramount duty to the court and the administration of justice under the Australian Solicitors Conduct Rules^[1](Rule 3) and other fundamental duties of honesty and integrity (Rule 4).

Rule 6 provides:

The purpose of this Guidance Statement is to outline the ethical principles and issues, based on the Rule and the common law, which solicitors should think about in the context of giving an undertaking.

1.3 Status of this Guidance Statement

This Guidance Statement is issued by the Queensland Law Society (‘QLS’) Ethics and Practice Centre for the use and benefit of solicitors.

This Guidance Statement does not have any legislative or statutory effect. By having regard to the content of this Guidance Statement it may be easier for you to account for your actions if a complaint is later made to the Legal Services Commission.

This Guidance Statement is not legal advice, nor will it necessarily provide a defence to complaints of unsatisfactory professional conduct or professional misconduct.

This Guidance Statement represents a standard of good practice and is endorsed by the QLS Ethics Advisory Committee.

2. Ethical principles

The legal profession’s fidelity to undertakings is of crucial importance to both the profession and our clients, enabling legal services to be delivered in a timely and efficient manner. 

Breaches of undertakings have potentially serious disciplinary consequences. Breaches have been characterised as unsatisfactory professional conduct or the more serious professional misconduct,^[2] depending on whether the breach is deliberate, reckless or unintentional and whether the breach has been mitigated by appropriate remedial action. Although compliance with all undertakings is crucial, failure to comply with an undertaking to the court, to the Legal Services Commission or the Law Society is especially serious.^[3] The breach of an undertaking to the court is contempt, whilst a breach of an undertaking to the Legal Services Commission or the Law Society is not of the same character.

A solicitor is never obliged to give nor to accept an undertaking and careful consideration should be given by the practitioner to the need for an undertaking to be given in the circumstances. 

Could the same objective be accomplished by other means? For example, should the relevant responsibility be assumed instead by the client contractually? 

Undertakings should be reserved for situations where the other party (or their solicitor) properly requires an enforceable assurance that the solicitor or firm will act or refrain from acting, in an important matter, in the way that they have (or their agent has) solemnly undertaken.   The other party is relying on the honour of the solicitor.

A solicitor must not seek from another solicitor (or that solicitor’s employee, associate or agent) undertakings in respect of a matter that would require the co-operation of a third party^[4] who is not party to the undertaking.

Once given, an undertaking must be observed scrupulously – “regardless of whether the undertaking was proffered in error or oversight, irrespective of any change in circumstances, no matter how radical, and irrespective of any hardship to the legal practitioner”.^[5]

2.1 Giving an undertaking

An undertaking:

• is a promise by a solicitor to the court, another practitioner, a client or a third party;
• that the solicitor will do or not do something; and
• given in the course of legal practice.

It may be express or implied and may be given orally or in writing.

Once given, an undertaking;

• is solicitor’s personal undertaking (or that of her or his firm) rather than the client’s undertaking alone, unless the contrary is expressly stated; and
• must be performed in a timely and effective manner.^[6]

An undertaking binding the firm may be given by an employed solicitor or a lay employee.^[7] This will depend on whether the employee has been cloaked by the principal or firm with ostensible authority to give such an undertaking on the principal’s or firm’s behalf. The Society does not recommend that employees of firms give undertakings personally or on the firm’s behalf.

An employee may be invested with ostensible^[8] authority to give an undertaking binding upon the firm if this is “consistent with [his] duties”.^[9]

Whether or not giving that particular undertaking is within such ostensible authority is a question of fact to be determined by application of usual agency principles.

2.2 What is an undertaking?

An undertaking requires neither consideration nor a specific form to bind the practitioner giving it.

Not every indication that something will be done, will be done by a specific time, or not done at all amounts to an undertaking, but the line may be a fine one and will depend upon context.

The vital factor is not the use of the word ‘undertaking’ itself.^[10] A promise made without use of the word ‘undertaking’ can be construed as such.^[11]

There is no clear judicial guidance available as to the ‘magic ingredient’ that separates a solicitor’s undertaking from a promise that does not have the same status. Even though there is no clear judicial guidance, in essence when a solicitor gives an undertaking the solicitor undertakes a personal obligation.

There is longstanding authority that a court may enforce an undertaking whether or not the recipient of that undertaking had an underlying legal right that could be the subject of a claim. This inherent jurisdiction is enlivened by the court’s entitlement to demand honourable conduct from its own officers.^[12]

Whether or not an undertaking has been given will depend upon objective construction of the words employed, having regard to context and audience.^[13]

In Legal Services Commissioner v Graham,^[14] a promise to refund monies paid in advance for work that had not been completed as agreed was characterised as a contractual promise rather than an undertaking,^[15] although in the circumstances breaching that agreement was also found to be unprofessional conduct.

Therefore, care should always be exercised in making future commitments. The context, to whom the commitment is made, the consequences of breach for the other party, established practice and the wording used will all be relevant.

2.3 Undertakings given on behalf of clients

An undertaking given by a client is merely a promise by the client to do or not to do something. It is not a personal obligation given by the solicitor and should therefore not be construed as an undertaking.

Clear language is required to ensure that the promise intended to bind the client only is not instead personal to the practitioner.^[16]

This is especially acute if a solicitor has multiple roles in a matter, such as a company officer.^[17]

If disclaiming personal liability this must be clear from the undertaking itself.   The undertaking should set out all relevant obligations and not seek to rely upon extraneous or covering correspondence.

The Law Institute of Victoria has recommended to its members using the phrase “My client [client name] undertakes that they will…”.^[18]

A solicitor should only give personal undertakings where the solicitor is able to ensure fulfilment and have control in relation to the subject matter.^[19] 

The fact that performing the undertaking requires the client’s instructions or that the solicitor’s original instructions permitting performance have been withdrawn does not absolve a solicitor of their responsibility,^[20] nor does a significant change in circumstances.^[21]

Note that the enforceability of undertakings properly given on behalf of a client alone, rather than on behalf of the solicitor of firm, may depend on different principles and consideration may be required to support such an undertaking (even though consideration would not be required for a personal undertaking given by the solicitor).

2.4 Enforcement and breach

A breach of undertaking can lead to:

• contempt proceedings if it is an undertaking given to the court;^[22]
• direct enforcement of the solicitor’s obligation pursuant to the inherent jurisdiction of the court, either by an order that it be performed or if this is no longer possible by payment of compensation;^[23]
• civil liability in contract or tort;^[24] or
• disciplinary proceedings.

In Legal Services Commissioner v McColm,^[25] a solicitor in the course of acting in the sale of a business, had undertaken ‘to hold the sum of $70,000 of the purchase price pursuant to the terms of special condition 10 of the contract of sale’. Due to what was accepted as human error, this sum was accidentally paid out to the seller.

When the solicitor discovered the error he requested his client to restore the amount to his trust account. The seller was unable to do so.

The Chief Justice held that such conduct amounted to unsatisfactory professional conduct. His Honour noted that it was ‘unfortunate that (the seller’s solicitor had) not quickly informed the purchaser of what had occurred, effectively leaving it to the purchaser itself to draw the inference…’.^[26]

If a personal undertaking is provided, it should be expressed in clear and unambiguous terms and it is recommended that the firm keep a central record of all undertakings given, as well as keeping a record on the individual client file.

Once an undertaking is given, only the recipient or a court of competent jurisdiction can relieve the solicitor of its performance.^[27]

3. More information

Solicitors are also referred to the Queensland Law Society, The Australian Solicitors Conduct Rules 2012 in Practice: A Commentary for Australian Legal Practitioners, Queensland Law Society (2014).

For further assistance, including difficulties you may be experiencing as either a supervisor or as a practitioner who is being supervised, please contact an Ethics Solicitor in the QLS Ethics and Practice Centre on 07 3842 5843 or ethics@qls.com.au or a QLS Senior Counsellor.^[28]

Updated 17 October 2024

^[1] Queensland Law Society, Australian Solicitors’ Conduct Rules (at 27 September 2024) (‘ASCR’).

^[2] Legal Services Commissioner v Wrightway Legal [2015] QCAT 174, [26].

^[3] Legal Services Commissioner v Burgess (Legal Practice) [2013] VCAT 350; Council of the Law Society of New South Wales v Fisher [2021] NSWCATOD 73, [65].

^[4] Legal Services Commissioner v Simon [2014] VCAT 1179, [8].

^[5] Legal Profession Complaints Committee v Detata [2012] WASCA 214, [51] (Martin CJ).

^[6] ASCR (n 1) r 6.1. 

^[7] Hawkins v Gaden (1925) 37 CLR 183; Evenco Pty Ltd v Australian Building Construction Employees and Builders Labourers Federation (Qld Branch) [2000] 2 QCA 108 (‘Evenco Pty Ltd’).

^[8] Alternatively with implied or customary authority – see Gino Dal Pont, Law of Agency (LexisNexis Butterworths, 3^rd ed, 2014) 525-526.

^[9] Ibid 8; Evenco Pty Ltd (n 7) [4] (McMurdo J).

^[10] Atanaskovic Hartnell v Birketu Pty Ltd (2021) 105 NSWLR 542, [121].

^[11] Legal Services Commissioner v Kaine (Legal Practice) [2013] VCAT 1077 (‘Kaine’) [45] (Jenkins J):

In the Tribunal’s view, Rule 22.1 does not require the use of any form of wording or indeed the use of the word ‘undertaking’. However, it must be objectively clear from the form and meaning of words used and the context in which representations or assurances were made, that the intention was to give an undertaking by a solicitor upon which the recipient solicitor would rely.

Note Professional Conduct & Practice Rules 2005 (Vic) (at 30 June 2005) r 22.1 is in similar terms to UCPR but not identical, referring to communication which is ‘expressly, or by necessary implication… an undertaking’.